Direct and
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech तथा Indirect Speech कोई नयी चीज नहीं है |
हम प्रतिदिन कभी Direct Speech तथा कभी Indirect Speech में बात करते है | जैसे कि
–
राम ( श्याम से ) : मै तुम्हें एक किताब दूँगा |
जब राम व्दारा कही गई बात को श्याम ने किसी दूसरे को बताया
तो श्याम कहा कि –
राम ने मुझसे कहा – मै तुम्हे एक किताब दूँगा |
जो बात राम ने श्याम से कही थी ठीक वही बात ( बिना शब्दों
को बदले ) श्याम ने किसी दूसरे को कह दिया | अत:- “कही गई बात को ज्यों का त्यों
(As it is) कह देना Direct Speech कहलाता है |”
यदि श्याम किसी दूसरे से कहता कि – वह मुझे एक किताब देगा |
तो यहाँ राम के व्दारा कहे गए शब्दों में
अन्तर हो जाता है | अत:- “ कही गई बात को अपने शब्दों में कहना Indirect Speech
कहलाता है |”
अब एक Direct Speech के वाक्य को देखते है –
He said to me, “I have completed my work.”
यह एक वाक्य दो भागों में बट जाता है –
He
said to me, “I have completed my work.”
Reporting Speech Reported Speech
उसी प्रकार Reporting Speech तीन भागों में बट जाता है –
He said
to me
Reporting Subject Reporting Verb Reporting Object
Note – विध्यार्थी भली भांति याद कर ले की said to / said
से पहले Reporting Subject तथा बाद में Reporting Object आता है |
Rules
1. Reporting Verb को निम्न के अनुसार बदलते है –
said - said said
to -
told
say - say say
to -
tell
says - tell says
to -
tells
2. Comma, Inverted Commas को हटाकर that लगाते है |
3. सभी Pronouns (He, She, I, We, You, They, it, ...) को तीन भागों में बाटा गया
है-
1. First Person Pronoun [ I, We ]
2. Second Person Pronoun [ You ]
3. Third Person Pronoun [ I, We तथा You को छोड़कर अन्य सभी ]
i.
First Person Pronoun को
Reporting Subject के अनुसार बदलते है |
ii. Second Person Pronoun को Reporting Object के अनुसार बदलते है |
iii. Third Person Pronoun को बदला नहीं जाता है |
4. Reported Speech के वाक्य के Tense को निम्न के अनुसार बदलते है –
Present Indefinite - Past Indefinite
Present Continuous - Past Continuous
Present Perfect - Past
Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous - Past
Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite - Past Perfect
Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect - No Change
Past Perfect Continuous - No Change
Future
Tense
Will
- Would
Shall - Should
Model Auxiliary
Can, Could, Would, Should, May, Might, Must, ought to, use to, need to,
dare
केवल दो Model Auxiliary को बदलते है –
Can - Could
May - Might
5. निकटता बताने वाले शब्दों को दूरी बताने वाले शब्दों में निम्न के अनुसार बदल
देते है –
This - That These - Those
Here - There Last - Previous
Ago - Before Now - Then
Thus - So Next - Following
Today - That day Tonight - That night
Yesterday - The Previous Day
Tomorrow - The Next Day / The following day
Hence - Thence
6. Subject Possessive Pronoun Object
He His Him
She Her Her
|
|
|
I My Me
|
|
|
We Our Us
You Your You
They Their Them
Examples
Note – उदाहरण
करने से पहले निम्न बातों पर ध्यान देना अति आवश्यक है –
1. Reported Speech के अन्दर केवल पांच शव्द बदले जाते है –
1. Subject 2.
Object 3. Possessive Pronoun 4. Tense 5.
निकटता बताने वाले शब्द दूरी बताने वाले शब्दों में
2. Subject, Object तथा Possessive Pronoun को बदलने के लिए तीन प्रश्न करो –
i. कौन सा Person है ?
ii. किसके अनुसार बदलेगा ?
iv.
क्या है ? (Subject ,
Object , Possessive Pronoun)
निम्न उदाहरण को ध्यान से देखो –
She said to me, “I have
learnt my lesson.”
> Reporting Subject तथा Reporting Object को ज्यों का त्यों
लिखते है तथा said to को told में बदलते है | Comma inverted Commas को हटाकर that लगाते है |
She told me that
..........
> Subject I (First Person) को Reporting Subject (She) के अनुसार बदलते
है |
She told me that she ........
> have learnt Tense है अत: इसे बदला देते है [ Present Perfect –
Past Perfect ]
She told me that she had learnt .........
> my Possessive Pronoun है जो First Person Pronoun है अत: Reporting
Subject के अनुसार बदलेगा | my Possessive Pronoun है तथा she का Possessive
Pronoun Her है अत: my के स्थान पर her आयेगा |
She told me that she had learnt her ........
> lesson को बदला नहीं जायेगा क्योकि lesson न तो Subject है, न ही
Object, न ही Possessive Pronoun, न
ही Tense और न ही निकटता बताने बाला शब्द है |
She told me that she had learnt her lesson.
उपरोक्त नियमों के अनुसार अन्य उदाहरण देखें –
You said
to him, “I do not help you.”
You told
her that you did not help him.
I (Subject) First Person Pronoun - Reporting Subject (You) के अनुसार – You
(Subject)
do not (Present Indefinite Tense) - Past
Indefinite Tense (did not)
You (Object) Second Person Pronoun - Reporting
Object (him) के अनुसार – him(Object)
She said
to them, “You can not help me.”
She told
them that they could not help her.
You (Subject) Second Person Pronoun - Reporting Object (Them) के अनुसार –They
(Subject)
Can (Model
Auxiliary) - Could
me (Object) First Person Pronoun -
Reporting Subject (She) के अनुसार – her(Object)
I said,
“You will pass this examination now.”
I said
that I Should pass that examination then.
[ यदि Object नहीं दिया जाता है तो him/me मान लिया जाता है
परन्तु वाक्य के भाव के अनुसार कोई भी Object माना जा सकता है | ]
You (Subject) Second Person Pronoun - Reporting Object (me मान लिया) के अनुसार -
I (Subject)
यहाँ will का would नहीं किया क्योकि नया Subject I है तथा
I के साथ Shall आता है अत: shall का should होगा |
this तथा now निकटता बताने वाले शब्द है अत: इन्हे that तथा
then में बदलेंगे |
My brother said to us, “ I
shall go with him.”
My
brother told us that he would go with him.
I (Subject) First Person Pronoun - Reporting Subject (My brother) के अनुसार–he
(Subject)
shall का should नहीं करेंगें क्योकि कि he के साथ will आता
है अत: will का would होगा |
him (Object) Third Person Pronoun - Third
Person Pronoun नहीं बदलता है |
**************
नोट – यदि We, Our तथा us को I / We के अनुसार बदलते है तो We का
We , Our का Our तथा us का us ही रहता है और यदि किसी अन्य Pronoun के अनुसार
बदलते है तो We – They में, Our – Their में तथा us – them में बदल जाता है |
He said,
“ We should do our work.”
He said that
they should do their work.
I said
to Ram, “ We must help us.”
I told
Ram that we must help us.
***************
Vocative Case
सम्बोधन करने वाले, पुकारने वाले, आवाज लगाने वाले शब्द
Vacative Case कहलाते है | Vacative Case, Comma व्दारा वाक्य से अलग रहता है |
Vocative Case को बहार निकल कर Object बना देते है |
Mother
said, “Amit, you may go now.”
Mother
said to Amit, “You may go now.”
Mothar
told Amit that he might go then.
Teacher
said, “ I shall teach you Hindi, students.”
Teacher
said to students, “ I shall teach you Hindi.”
Teacher
told students that he would teach them Hindi.
>you को बदलकर them आयेगा क्योकि students बहुवचन है यदि
student होता तो him आता |
****************
Addressing Case
यदि सम्बोधन शब्द के साथ कोई Adjective आता है तो वह
Addressing Case कहलाता है
Father
said, “My daer Daughter, you should work hard.”
Addressing
as his daer daughter, father told that she should work hard.
Ø पहले Addressing as लगाकर Addressing case को Indirect
बनाते है तथा बाद में बचे हुए वाक्य को |
****************
Reflexive Pronoun
He - himself She - herself
I - myself you - yourself
we - ourselves they - themselves
He said
to her, “ I can do it myself.”
He told
her that he could do it himself.
Ø यदि आप myself को बदलकर hisself लगाते है तो वह गलत होगा
क्योकि hisself कुछ होता ही नहीं है |
**************
कुछ Conditions में हम Reported Speech के वाक्य के Tense
में परिवर्तन नहीं करते है, जो निम्न है –
1. यदि Reporting Verb, Present / Past Tense में हो |
Sita Says to
Ramesh, “I am not going to Agra.”
Sita tells
Ramesh that she is not going to Agra.
Teacher will
say, “You can solve this question.”
Teacher will say
that he can solve that question.
2. यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य सर्वभौमिक सत्य (Universal
Truth) हो |
Teacher said, “The Earth moves round tha Sun.”
Teacher said
that the Earth moves round the Sun.
3. यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य आदत सम्बन्धी (Habitual
Truth) हो |
He said to me,
“Dog Barks at the stranger.”
He told me that
dog barks at the stranger.
4. यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य कहावत (Proverb) हो |
Father said, “ Honesty is the best policy.”
Father said
that honesty is the best policy.
5. यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य ऐतिहासिक तथ्य (Historical Fact) हो |
Mother said, “
India got freedom in 1947.”
Mother said
that India got freedom in 1947.
Exercise
She said, “ When the cat is away, mice
play.” Father told me, “The earth is round.”
He says, “ You have gone to Agra.”
She will say, “ You can not do it.”
He has said, “ I am going.”
My elder sister said, “ The sun sets in the west.”
Sanju said, “I must find the job for myself.”
